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Vnímavost plemen kapra obecného k onemocnění způsobenému kapřím edémovým virem
BALOCH, Ali Asghar
Fish diseases refer to any condition that affects the health and well-being of fish, whether in the wild or in captivity. Fish are vulnerable to a variety of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and other pathogens. The prevalence and severity of these diseases vary widely, depending on the species of fish, the environmental conditions, and the management practices. Fish have a complex immune system that allows them to respond to a variety of diseases. Their immune system includes both innate and adaptive responses, which work together to protect them from infections. Innate immunity is the first line of defense and includes physical barriers such as the skin, scales, and mucus, as well as cellular and humoral responses that can quickly recognize and respond to pathogens. These responses include the activation of phagocytic cells such as macrophages and neutrophils, the release of antimicrobial peptides, and the production of reactive oxygen species. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is a more specific and targeted response that is mediated by T and B lymphocytes. These cells can recognize and respond to specific pathogens, and can develop immunological memory, allowing for a faster and stronger response to subsequent infections. When a fish encounters a pathogen, its immune system is activated, and a series of responses are initiated. The exact response depends on the pathogen and the fish species, but generally involves the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, the activation of phagocytic cells to engulf and destroy the pathogen, and the production of cytokines to stimulate the immune response. Cytokines specially help to coordinate the immune response and ensure that the appropriate mechanisms are activated to fight the infection. The initial investigation of the thesis provides a comprehensive review of cytokine responses in common carp exposed to CEV, CyHV-3, SVCV and Aeromonas hydrophila infections. It aims to synthesize existing literature on immune responses, particularly cytokine expression, and highlights the essential role of cytokines as inflammatory mediators and their mechanisms in response to both pathogenic and non-pathogenic immunostimulants in common carp. The production of these cytokines may result in various symptoms and signs of infections, which can lead to the recruitment of inflammatory cells that play an important role in clearing up different infections. Furthermore, this study provides insights into the ways by which cytokines can be used to diagnose and combat disease in common carp. Further, the examination of the immune response of carp to CEV infection using gene expression profiling and qPCR was carried out. The expression patterns of eleven immune-related genes were monitored in four different carp strains. The expression patterns of several immune-related genes were found to be similar across all carp strains and genogroups, while some significant differences were observed in koi carp infected with both CEV genogroups. Additionally, a resemblance was observed in the expression pattern of several genes between KSD-resistant AS strain and koi. Furthermore, the observed increase in mRNA expression of several immune related genes indicates a broader mucosal immune response triggered by CEV. Overall, these results provide essential insights into the immunological response of carp to infectious diseases and may help to develop effective management strategies for preventing and controlling CEV disease in aquaculture.
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Vliv plemenné příslušnosti na hodnoty hematologických parametrů u kapra obecného
NÁDASKÝ, Alexandr
The aim of this thesis was to describe the effect of breed affiliation on the values of haematological parameters in selected breeds and interbreeds of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and ornamental variety - koi carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus). A total of 5 groups of fish were included in the experiment and 9 individuals were included in each group. Thus, a total of 45 common carp at one year of age. Each group represented one of the breeds or inter-breed hybrids studied. In the framework of this thesis, haematological parameters were determined in individuals of the AS breed, the synthetic line of Hungarian Mirror Carp (HSM) and hybrids of the breeds Ropšinský x Tatajský carp or Amur mirror carp x HSM. The fifth group was koi carp. The fish were reared in aquaria, where optimal and identical physico-chemical water parameters were ensured throughout the rearing period. The RBC, PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC WBC, Lk and differential leukocyte count were determined from the blood samples collected. Based on the determined values and the results of statistical comparison, it is evident that there are statistically significant differences in RBC, PCV, Hb and WBC values between the compared groups. Individuals from the koi and HSM groups (lower values of RBC, PCV and Hb) differed exclusively from individuals from the AS and interbreed hybrids ROP x TAT and HSM x AL groups. On the other hand, the highest WBC value was determined in fish from the HSM group. Within the leukogram, significant differences were found in the percentages of lymphocytes and metamyelocytes, and only lymphocytes showed significant differences in the absolute values of individual white blood cell types. Even though the fish were reared under similar conditions throughout the experiment, it cannot be completely excluded that some secondary effects on some hematological parameters may have been caused by even very subtle changes and factors (difference in physical activity or water flow in the rearing tank, stress caused by the presence of other individuals, etc.).
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Změny hematologických parametrů při jarních úhynech kaprů
NÁDASKÝ, Alexandr
The aim of the bachelor thesis was to describe the effect of carp edema virus disease caused by carp edema virus on selected hematological factors of blood of infected common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Subsequently, the results of infected and uninfected fish were compared with each other. Twenty-eight carp were caught in the spring of 2019 from three different locations on suspicion of carp edema virus. During the autumn, another 30 carp were taken from identical localities. Fish from the autumn period were caught to test the persistence of viral DNA in gill tissue. Blood and gill tissue samples were taken from each tested fish. Total erythrocyte count (RBC), total leukocyte count (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV), amount of hemoglobin (Hb), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and differential white blood cell count were determined from blood samples. The results show that in CEV positive fish there was a statistically significant difference in total erythrocyte count (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV) and amount of hemoglobin (Hb). The values of these parameters increased compared to CEV negative fish. The only significant difference in the differential white blood cell count is an increase in the percentage of neutrophil bands in CEV-positive fish. However, it is important to note that a change in the value of haematological factors may occur not only due to CEVD infection. This is also evidenced by statistically significant difference between carp from the spring or autumn period and from individual localities. For these difference, it can be assumed that their difference was caused by influences such as different water quality, temperature, stocking density, reproductive cycle, toxic substances and pathogenic organisms.
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Vliv přírodních aditiv na prodloužení skladovatelnosti chlazených paštik z kapra obecného (Cyprinus carpio)
TUNYS, Ondřej
This diploma thesis evaluates the effects of cranberry, garlic and onion extract on microbiological quality, sensory attributes and oxidative effect of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) pâtés. The evaluation is expressed in comparison with the control sample (no additive). Individual analyzes took place in different terms depending on the analysis performed (usually on day 0, then after 1, 2, 3 and 6 months of storage). Microbiological analysis showed values in the range of 1.71 - 2.05; 1.73 - 2.23; 1.43 - 2.14; 1.36 - 2.21 log CFU*g-1 at individual terms (0, 1, 2 and 6 months). The accessible limit for freshwater fish consumption (7 log CFU*g-1) was not exceeded for any of the samples throughout the testing period. Onion extract reached the best values in microbiological analysis. However the best results in almost all sensory attributes (odour, taste, aftertaste, consistency, color, overall acceptability) were achieved by pate with garlic and cranberry. TBARS analysis evaluating lipid oxidation also proved inhibition of oxidation processes. All the results of this research showed that natural additives have good antioxidant effects extending the shelf life of carp pâtés with suitable storage (preservation and cooling at 4 +- 1 °C) for up to 6 months.
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The possibilities of influence sensoric characteristics of common carp flesh
MAŠÍN, Milan
Organoleptic characteristics of fish meat are one of criteria, that make higher quality prerequisites for successful selling, especially for more exacting customers. An objective of this work is evaluate temperature and storage time aspects on these characteristics. Like an appropriate fish was selected Carp (Cyprinus carpio), weighing around 1,5 {--} 3 kg. In own sauce roast meat samples were sensoric analysed directly after killing and than in different time periods. The storage temperature was 3; 5 and -18 °C. Panel of evaluators judged odour, taste, flavour and consistence of fish meat. A protocol with an unstructured graphic scale was used for expressing the intensity of perception. Accomplishments were graphic and statistic processed.
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Diet of great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) in conflict localities
Ráslová, Pavlína ; Čech, Martin (advisor) ; Vrána, Pavel (referee)
vi Abstract Continental subspecies of the great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) is the Czech Republic's most important fish-eating predator. It causes damage to production fish, as well as sport fishermen and even after its removal from the Czech list of endangered species in 2013, it did not disappear from the spotlight of both local fishermen and researchers. This thesis evaluates the qualitative and quantitative composition of the cormorant's diet during winter 2011/2012 at two selected locations: the Žehuň pond (Kolín district) and Berounka river in the natural reserve Zábělá near Pilsen. This work studies the main components of cormorant's diet in the selected locations and evaluates potential fluctuations and changes in its composition during winter. The study also conducted the analysis of the proportion of commercially harvested valuable fish in cormorant's diet and studied its diversity of the species spectrum. The resulting data for the two sites were compared with each other and with relevant literature. Regurgitated pellets analysis, as well as analysis of diagnostic bones and fish remains located at the sleeping roosts (night roosts) were used for the diet analysis. It was found that at both sites roach was the most caught fish, but from the point of view of total biomass, it was...
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Využití komponentů a krmiv rostlinného původu ve výživě kapra obecného (Cyprinus carpio L.).
Kudláček, Josef
The aim of this thesis was to compare the effects of feed mixtures with different share of selected plant components on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Two feed tests were conducted in recirculation aquaculture system, in tanks with a volume of 160 l. The tests were conducted in two repetitions and lasted for 64 - 65 days. The feed ratio was 2% of the fish stock weight. For the first test 6 feed variants were prepared. A complete feed mixture for carp (KP1 Plus 15%) was chosen for the control and also as the base for other experimental feed mixtures. The following variants were prepared: feed mixtures with the addition of pea 15%, soybean 15%, lupine 15%, 30% and 45%. The resulting effect was similar for all feeds. Soybean 15% feed achieved the best results (FCR 2.47, SGR 0,71 %.d-1, RGR 50,14 %). Lupine feeds showed worse production parameter levels, whencompared tothe control. From an economic point of view, the mostcost effectivefeed was lupine 45% (FCR 2,67, SGR 0,66 %.d-1 RGR 46,64 %). For the second test 4 feed variants were prepared. The control and base for experimental feed mixtures was the same as in the first test (KP1 Plus 15%). The following feed variants were used: lupine 20%, 45% and 70%. Feed variant with 45% lupine achieved the best results (FCR 2,23, SGR 0,79 % .d-1, RGR 56,75 %) ,followed by lupine 70% (FCR 2,24, SGR 0,78 %. d-1, RGR 56,91 %), therefore, lupine feeds have achieved better production and economic parameters, when compared to the control.
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Využití krmiv se sníženým zatížením vodního prostředí fosforem v chovu kapra obecného (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Zugárková, Iveta
Feeding plant-based feed in fish farming is one of the causes for increased phosphorus loading in water environment and consequent eutrophication of water. Phosphorus contained in plant components is deposited in the form of phytic acid, which is poorly digestible for cyprinids. The aim of this work was to monitor the influence of feeds with low phytate phosphorus content or the addition of enzyme for increasing the utilization of phosphorus on the production parameters and the fish exterior. In the first feed test, varieties of wheat Vánek and of barley Bojos were used for control groups. Lpa mutant lines of wheat JS-12/IDO 563 and of barley M955 were used for experimental diets. The feed test was conducted for 64 days in two repetitions. No statistically significant change occurred in the production parameters. In case of lpa barley a slight decrease in Fc occurred. In the second feed test, a feed mixture KP1 was used for the control group. Enzymatic phytase The Phyzyme XP 10.000 TPT was used in experimental diets. To feed mixtures F500 and F1000 was added only enzyme and to feed mixtures F500C3 and F1000C3 beside enzyme citric acid was added. The test lasted 72 days in two repetitions. Significant statistical difference in production parameters was recorded. FCR decreased in the groups F500C3 and F1000C3, whereas SGR increased in these groups. In groups F500C3 and F1000C3, the total length and body length also increased. According to the results, it can be concluded that lpa cereals have no effect on the reared fish. The use of the combination of phytase and citric acid has a positive influence on the production parameters without negative effects on the other parameters evaluated.
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Vliv suroviny a technologického postupu při výrobě rybích klobás
Klvaňová, Petra
This bachelors thesis follows up the effects of raw material and technological procedure in production of fish sausages. The sausages for the experiment were made of refrigerated or frozen muscles of the Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Then an organoleptic analysis was done, we evaluated these descriptors: overall look, the surface of the intestine, texture, appearence on the cut, scent, taste, salinity of the product and overall impression. Samples were put forward cooled (4 °C) and warmed (90 °C/15 minutes). The organoleptic analysis determined these results. The fish sausages made of refrigerated material and evaluated as cold had these most rated descriptors; scent and overal impression. On the other hand the fish sausages made of frozen material and evaluated cold, did not get positive score in any of descriptors. By analysing the fish sausages made of frozen material and evaluated cold, were the most rated decriptors; texture, appearance on the cut and taste. However, the fish sausages made of frozen material and evaluated warmed, were the most rated decriptors; overal look, the surface of the intestine and salitiny of the product. Based on the results we can say that the most suitable material for producing the fish sausages are frozen muscles. The technological procedure did not have any influence on the final product.
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Manipulace zárodečných buněk jako nástroj pro management a produkci izogenních linií u ryb
FRANĚK, Roman
Isogenic lines in fish represent a fundamental approach to control the genetic background of experimental animals. All individuals from a given isogenic line share the same genotype. So far, isogenic fish lines have been produced only by repeated uniparental inheritance - androgenesis and gynogenesis. Homozygous progeny is produced in the first generation of uniparental inheritance, and each homozygous individual produces a different isogenic line after second generation of uniparental inheritance. Despite optimized procedures for inducing uniparental inheritance, isogenic lines have been successfully produced in only a few species of fish. Doubled haploids after first uniparental inheritance have affected fitness as well as reproductive performance. Long-term maintenance is considerably problematic even when isogenic line is established already, due to low viability and poor reproductive characteristics. The situation is further complicated by the fact that isogenic lines are usually naturally monosex, thus uniparental inheritance must be re-used for further reproduction, or sex reversal needs to be applied in part of isogenic line. Several types of germ cell manipulation were performed in presented thesis. Protocols for cryopreservation of spermatogonia and oogonia have been developed and optimized to maximize post-thaw viability. The physiological activity of cryopreserved cells was confirmed by transplantation into a surrogate host. Cryopreserved and subsequently transplanted cells retained colonization activity comparable to non-frozen control germ cells. More importantly, male germ cells were able to transdifferentiate from oogonia. The success of transplantation was confirmed by detection of expression of genes associated with gametogenesis in carp by RT-PCR. In the next study, the results of cryopreservation experiments were followed, where sterile goldfish was identified as a suitable host for homozygous carp cells. Germ cells obtained from several homozygous individuals were individually transplanted into sterile goldfish. This procedure has a potential to increase the chance of producing a viable gamete for isogenic line production. Germ cells from homozygotes with affected gametogenesis can be transferred to fully viable recipients, thereby increasing the efficiency of isogenic line production overall. In addition, the use of a goldfish as a surrogate parent will ensure that part of the germline chimeras will be male and female, thus isogenic gametes of both sexes can be obtained and no further intervention for further reproduction of the isogenic line. The suitability of triploid zebrafish, which can potentially be used as recipients for cells from homozygotes to produce isogenic lines, has been confirmed for zebrafish. Spermatogonia and oogonia from diploid donors were transplanted into artificially induced triploid larvae. Donor-derived sperm was were obtained upon maturation of triploid recipients. Transplanted oogonia transdifferentiated into spermatogonia and spermatozoa with female sex chromosomes have been produced, which may be of interesting for further studies of sex determination in zebrafish. A new germline transfer technique has been developed using striped embryos. Donor cells were transplanted from the blastula stage to the swim-up larvae. With this approach, undifferentiated primordial germ cells were able to colonize the genital groove and initiate gametogenesis. After reaching sexual maturity, germline chimeras were obtained with gametes and viable progeny. Although the overall efficacy of this method was lower compared to other transplantation methods, this study may be of relevance for germline rescue in poorly viable embryos or lethal mutants.
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